Effects of electronic cigarette liquid on monolayer and 3D tissue-engineered models of human gingival mucosa.

Medium-term exposure to high concentrations of the E-cigarette liquid had cytotoxic effects on normal human oral fibroblasts and OKF6 keratinocytes, but a stimulatory cumulative effect on the growth of cancerous TR146 keratinocyte cells as assessed by the PrestoBlue assay and histological evaluation of 3D oral mucosal models. In addition, E-liquid exposure prolonged the wound healing of NOF and OKF6 oral mucosa cells.