Triple negative breast cancers are malignant, heterogeneous tumors with high histological grades, increased reoccurrence, and cancer-related death rates. TNBC metastasis to the brain, lungs, liver, and lymph nodes is a complex process regulated by epithelial to mesenchymal transition, intravasation, extravasation, stem cell niche, and migration. Aberrant expression of miRNAs, also known as a transcriptional regulators of genes, may function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this review, we systematically elucidated the biogenesis and tumor suppressor role of miRNA in targeting distant metastasis of TNBC cells and the above-mentioned underlying mechanisms involved in complicating the disease. Apart from their therapeutic implications, the emerging roles of miRNAs as prognostic markers have also been discussed. To overcome delivery bottlenecks, RNA nanoparticles, nano-diamonds, exosomes, and mesoporous silica nanoparticle-mediated delivery of miRNAs have been contemplated. Altogether, the present review article uncovers the potential role of miRNA in antagonizing distant metastasis of TNBC cells, and highlights their clinical significance as prognostic markers and possible drug delivery strategies to enhance the likely outcome of miRNA-based therapy against the disease.
Keyphrases
- lymph node
- induced apoptosis
- stem cells
- drug delivery
- cell cycle arrest
- poor prognosis
- mesenchymal stem cells
- cancer therapy
- small molecule
- transcription factor
- gene expression
- oxidative stress
- cell death
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- bone marrow
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy
- young adults
- white matter
- signaling pathway
- human health
- risk assessment
- sentinel lymph node
- cerebral ischemia
- multiple sclerosis
- blood brain barrier
- drug release
- genome wide identification
- childhood cancer
- heat stress
- nucleic acid