Exogenous SA Affects Rice Seed Germination under Salt Stress by Regulating Na + /K + Balance and Endogenous GAs and ABA Homeostasis.

Salinity reduces agricultural productivity majorly by inhibiting seed germination. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) can prevent the harm caused to rice by salinity, but the mechanisms by which it promotes rice seed germination under salt stress are unclear. In this study, the inhibition of germination in salt-sensitive Nipponbare under salt stress was greater than that in salt-tolerant Huaidao 5. Treatment with exogenous SA significantly improved germination of Nipponbare, but had little effect on Huaidao 5. The effects of exogenous SA on ion balance, metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormone homeostasis, starch hydrolysis, and other physiological processes involved in seed germination of rice under salt stress were investigated. Under salt stress, Na + content and the Na + /K + ratio in rice seeds increased sharply. Seeds were subjected to ion pressure, which led to massive accumulation of H 2 O 2 , O 2 - , and malonaldehyde (MDA); imbalanced endogenous hormone homeostasis; decreased gibberellic acid (GA1 and GA4) content; increased abscisic acid (ABA) content; inhibition of α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity; and slowed starch hydrolysis rate, all which eventually led to the inhibition of the germination of rice seeds. Exogenous SA could effectively enhance the expression of OsHKT1;1 , OsHKT1;5 , OsHKT2;1 and OsSOS1 to reduce the absorption of Na+ by seeds; reduce the Na + /K + ratio; improve the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT; reduce the accumulation of H 2 O 2 , O 2 - , and MDA; enhance the expression of the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA20ox1 and OsGA3ox2 ; inhibit the expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene OsNCED5 ; increase GA1 and GA4 content; reduce ABA content; improve α-amylase activity, and increase the content of soluble sugars. In summary, exogenous SA can alleviate ion toxicity by reducing Na + content, thereby helping to maintain ROS and hormone homeostasis, promote starch hydrolysis, and provide sufficient energy for seed germination, all of which ultimately improves rice seed germination under salt stress. This study presents a feasible means for improving the germination of direct-seeded rice in saline soil.