The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans.
Karim MajzoubFlorian WrenschThomas F BaumertPublished in: Viruses (2019)
Animal cells have evolved dedicated molecular systems for sensing and delivering a coordinated response to viral threats. Our understanding of these pathways is almost entirely defined by studies in humans or model organisms like mice, fruit flies and worms. However, new genomic and functional data from organisms such as sponges, anemones and mollusks are helping redefine our understanding of these immune systems and their evolution. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of the innate immune pathways involved in sensing, signaling and inducing genes to counter viral infections in vertebrate animals. We will then focus on some central conserved players of this response including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cGAS-STING, attempting to put their evolution into perspective. To conclude, we will reflect on the arms race that exists between viruses and their animal hosts, illustrated by the dynamic evolution and diversification of innate immune pathways. These concepts are not only important to understand virus-host interactions in general but may also be relevant for the development of novel curative approaches against human disease.
Keyphrases
- innate immune
- sars cov
- immune response
- induced apoptosis
- endothelial cells
- genome wide
- healthcare
- gram negative
- cell cycle arrest
- electronic health record
- type diabetes
- transcription factor
- copy number
- dna methylation
- adipose tissue
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- high fat diet induced
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- signaling pathway
- multidrug resistant
- skeletal muscle
- pluripotent stem cells
- insulin resistance