Perfectionism in Argentina and the United States: Measurement Structure, Invariance, and Implications for Depression.

Age and gender had negligible effects on measurement models. Discrepancy was strongly related to depressive symptoms for both samples. Unlike in the U.S. sample, there was a significant association for the Argentina sample between standards and discrepancy. Overall, results indicated that discrepancy items performed well, order items were adequate with some measurement adjustments, and standards items should be revisited for their cross-cultural utility. Translation issues and general values in Argentina and the United States (e.g., collectivism-individualism) are discussed that might affect how perfectionism is understood and measured in different cultural contexts.