Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What Did We Learn from Experimental Models?
Stefano StracquadanioNicolò MussoAngelita CostantinoLorenzo Mattia LazzaroStefania StefaniDafne BongiornoPublished in: Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) (2021)
Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus showed the ability to interact with and infect osteoblasts, causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g., best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, the best traditional (2D) model for the study of this phenomenon to date. At the same time, as it has been widely demonstrated that 2D culture systems are not completely indicative of the dynamic environment in vivo, and more recent 3D models-representative of bone infection-have also been investigated.
Keyphrases
- staphylococcus aureus
- minimally invasive
- endothelial cells
- bone mineral density
- induced apoptosis
- healthcare
- biofilm formation
- soft tissue
- cross sectional
- bone loss
- reactive oxygen species
- coronary artery bypass
- stem cells
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- drug induced
- atomic force microscopy
- smoking cessation
- cystic fibrosis
- high resolution
- replacement therapy