S-Protected Thiolated Chitosan versus Thiolated Chitosan as Cell Adhesive Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering.

Chitosan (Ch) and different Ch derivatives have been applied in tissue engineering (TE) because of their biocompatibility, favored mechanical properties, and cost-effectiveness. Most of them, however, lack cell adhesive properties that are crucial for TE. In this study, we aimed to design an S-protected thiolated Ch derivative exhibiting high cell adhesive properties serving as a scaffold for TE. 3-((2-Acetamido-3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)dithio) propanoic acid was covalently attached to Ch via a carbodiimide-mediated reaction. Low-, medium-, and high-modified Chs (Ch-SS-1, Ch-SS-2, and Ch-SS-3) with 54, 107 and 140 μmol of ligand per gram of polymer, respectively, were tested. In parallel, three thiolated Chs, namely Ch-SH-1, Ch-SH-2, and Ch-SH-3, were prepared by conjugating N -acetyl cysteine to Ch at the same degree of modification to compare the effectiveness of disulfide versus thiol modification on cell adhesion. Ch-SS-1 showed better cell adhesion capability than Ch-SS-2 and Ch-SS-3. This can be explained by the more lipophilic surfaces of Ch-SS as a higher modification was made. Although Ch-SH-1, Ch-SH-2, and Ch-SH-3 were shown to be good substrates for cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation, Ch-SS polymers were superior to Ch-SH polymers in the formation of 3D cell cultures. Cryogels structured by Ch-SS-1 (SSg) resulted in homogeneous scaffolds with tunable pore size and mechanical properties by changing the mass ratio between Ch-SS-1 and heparin used as a cross-linker. SSg scaffolds possessing interconnected microporous structures showed good cell migration, adhesion, and proliferation. Therefore, Ch-SS can be used to construct tunable cryogel scaffolds that are suitable for 3D cell culture and TE.