Clocking cancer immunotherapy responses.

Two recent papers document that responses to immunotherapy are circadian and peak at the end of resting phase (evening) of mice with syngeneic and genetic models of cancers. The circadian effect is attributed to diurnal T cell trafficking through the endothelium on the one hand, and to the circadian expression of PD-L1 on myeloid suppressors on the other. Overall, it appears that tumor immunity as a system, including dendritic cell function, behaves in a circadian manner that is also observed in patients in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. Importantly, these observations uncover time-of-day as an unforeseen variable for cancer immunotherapy responses. This insight on the immune circadian clock should be further explored to enhance immunotherapy responses in the clinic.