Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Loaded Polymeric Hydrogels Containing Antioxidant and Photoprotective Bioactive Compounds of Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) for Improved Skin Delivery.

Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a potent natural antioxidant because of active compounds such as quercetin (QU) and luteolin (LU). These components prevent damage to the skin caused by free radicals from UV rays. However, due to the poor solubility and transdermal permeation, the effectiveness of the compounds in showing their activity was limited. In this study, we develop solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)-based hydrogel formulations to enhance the solubility and penetration of two bioactive compounds found in safflower petals extract (SPE). The hot emulsification-ultrasonication method was used to produce SLNs, and to obtain high antioxidant activity, 100% v/v ethanol was used in the extraction procedure. The results showed that this approach could encapsulate >80% of both QU and LU. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectra indicated that most of the QU and LU were trapped in a lipid matrix and dispersed homogeneously at the molecular level, increasing the solubility. Additionally, SLN-hydrogel composites are able to release two lipophilic bioactive compounds for 24 h, which also demonstrated increased skin retention and penetrability of the QU and LU up to 19-fold. In vitro blood biocompatibility showed that no hemolytic toxicity was observed below 500 μg/mL. Accordingly, the formulation was considered safe for use. Sun protective factor (SPF) test shows a value above 15, showing an excellent promising application as the photoprotective agent to prevent symptoms associated with photoinduced skin aging.