Unwrapping the immunological alterations in testicular germ cell tumors: From immune homeostasis to malignancy and emerging immunotherapies.

Comparing the immune profiles of normal and malignant testes is valuable and may provide insights into different aspects of testicular immunity and immune-based treatment approaches. For patients resistant to chemotherapy and with a poor prognosis, immunotherapy has shown promising results. However, its effectiveness in treating resistant TGCTs or preventing tumor recurrence is still uncertain.