Particulate matter increases Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
Hyun Ha NohSun-Hye ShinYoon Jin RohNam Ju MoonSeong Jun SeoKui Young ParkPublished in: PloS one (2022)
Recent studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that are related to the development or exacerbation of several inflammatory dermatoses. However, the effect of PM on acne vulgaris has yet to be determined. In this study, we induced acne-like inflammation in HEKn cells with several concentrations of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) to investigate whether PM exposure exacerbates acne-like inflammation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. To confirm whether PM increases the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in C. acnes- or PGN-treated HEKn cells, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blot assays. The results demonstrated that C. acnes, PGN, and PM induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a time- and dose-dependent manner at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Moreover, PM further increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, COX2, TLR4, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB in C. acnes- and PGN-treated HEKn cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PM may exacerbate acne symptoms by increasing the inflammatory response.
Keyphrases
- particulate matter
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- air pollution
- diabetic rats
- inflammatory response
- signaling pathway
- cell cycle arrest
- poor prognosis
- binding protein
- high glucose
- staphylococcus aureus
- lps induced
- endothelial cells
- toll like receptor
- immune response
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- dna damage
- pi k akt
- drug induced
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- rheumatoid arthritis
- escherichia coli
- hidradenitis suppurativa
- high resolution
- cell death
- heavy metals
- nitric oxide synthase
- south africa
- amino acid
- physical activity
- biofilm formation
- water soluble
- case control
- wound healing
- pluripotent stem cells