Plant Derived Vesicle-Like Nanoparticles as Promising Biotherapeutic Tools: Present and Future.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, phospholipid bilayer-enclosed biological particles that regulate cell communication by molecular cargo delivery and surface signaling. EVs are secreted by almost all living cells, including plant cells. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) are a generic term referring to vesicle-like nanostructure particles isolated from plants. Their low immunogenicity and wide availability make PDVLNs safer and more economical to be developed as therapeutic agents and drug carriers. Accumulating evidence indicates the key roles of PDVLNs in regulating interkingdom crosstalk between humans and plants. PDVLNs are capable of entering human body systems and delivering effector molecules to cells that modulate cell signaling pathways. PDVLNs released by or obtained from plants thus have great influences on human health and diseases. In this review, we introduce the biogenesis, detailed preparation methods, various physical and biochemical characteristics, biosafety, and preservation of PDVLNs, and how these characteristics pertain to their biosafety and preservability. We then systematically discuss the potential applications of PDVLNs on different plant and mammalian diseases and PDVLN research standardization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.