Dynamics of in vitro rumen methane production after nitrate addition.

The present study aimed to assess the dynamics of rumen methane (CH 4 ) production following the addition of NaNO 3. This was done using an in vitro rumen fermentation system that ensures continuous gas and methane assessments. Four different levels of NaNO 3 were used to get the final nitrate concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/ml of rumen fluid. For each dose, corresponding controls contained sodium chloride and urea were realised to ensure comparable levels of sodium and nitrogen. The addition of nitrates had slight effect on the intensity of fermentation because the total gas produced minus CH 4 (total methane-free gas) only went down at the highest dose (2.0 mg/ml), and the final concentrations of SCFA were the same at all doses. The most evident effect was a modification of the SCFA profile (low concentrations of propionate and valerate, progressive increments of acetate, and decreases of butyrate) and a reduction in overall CH 4 production. The CH 4 yield for the 0.5 mg/ml dose was not different from control in the entire fermentation. Yield of the 1.0 mg/ml dose was significantly lower than the control group ( p  < 0.05) only within the initial 24-h period, and higher dosages (1.5 and 2.0 mg/ml) were lower during the entire fermentation ( p  < 0.01). Methane yields were well fitted with the Gompertz model, but only the highest level of nitrate inclusion had a significant impact on the majority of model parameters ( p  < 0.01). The linear regressions between CH 4 yields (y) and the amounts of nitrates (x) at progressive fermentation durations (e.g. 6, 12, 24, and 48 h) produced equations with increasing absolute slopes (from -0.069 to -0.517 ml/mg of nitrate). Therefore, nitrate reduced rumen CH 4 yield in a dose-dependent manner: the impact of low doses was primarily observed at the initial stages of fermentation, whereas high doses exhibited effectiveness throughout the entire fermentation process. In conclusion, in batch fermentation systems, the dose effect of nitrates on methane yield was time dependent.