Clickable tryptophan modification for late-stage diversification of native peptides.

As the least abundant residue in proteins, tryptophan widely exists in peptide drugs and bioactive natural products and contributes to drug-target interactions in multiple ways. We report here a clickable tryptophan modification for late-stage diversification of native peptides, via catalyst-free C 2-sulfenylation with 8-quinoline thiosulfonate reagents in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). A wide range of groups including trifluoromethylthio (SCF 3 ), difluoromethylthio (SCF 2 H), (ethoxycarbonyl)difluoromethylthio (SCF 2 CO 2 Et), alkylthio, and arylthio were readily incorporated. The rapid reaction kinetics of Trp modification and full tolerance with other 19 proteinogenic amino acids, as well as the super dissolving capability of TFA, render this method suitable for all kinds of Trp-containing peptides without limitations from sequences, hydrophobicity, and aggregation propensity. The late-stage modification of 15 therapeutic peptides (1.0 to 7.6 kilodaltons) and the improved bioactivity and serum stability of SCF 3 - and SCF 2 H-modified melittin analogs illustrated the effectiveness of this method and its potential in pharmacokinetic property improvement.