Molecular Iodine Improves the Efficacy and Reduces the Side Effects of Metronomic Cyclophosphamide Treatment against Mammary Cancer Progression.
Evangelina Delgado-GonzálezEricka Alejandra De Los Ríos-ArellanoBrenda AnguianoCarmen AcevesPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2024)
Metronomic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (Cpp) has shown promising results in cancer protocols. These lower and prolonged doses have antiangiogenic, pro-cytotoxic, and moderate secondary effects. Molecular iodine (I 2 ) reduces the viability of cancer cells and, with chemotherapeutic agents, activates the antitumoral immune response and diminishes side effects. The present work evaluates the adjuvant of oral I 2 with Cpp using a murine model of mammary cancer. Female Sprague Dawley rats with 7,12-dimethylbenzantracene-induced tumors received Cpp intraperitoneal (50 and 70 mg/kg two times/week, iCpp50 and iCpp70) and oral (0.03%; 50 mg/Kg; oCpp50) doses. I 2 (0.05%, 50 mg/100 mL) and oCpp50 were offered in drinking water for three weeks. iCpp70 was the most efficient antitumoral dose but generated severe body weight loss and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC). I 2 prevented body weight loss, exhibited adjuvant actions with Cpp, decreasing tumor growth, and canceled HC mechanisms, including decreases in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Survivin expression. oCpp50 + I 2 diminished angiogenic signals (CD34, vessel-length, and VEGF content) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and increased cytotoxic (lymphocytic infiltration, CD8 + cells, Tbet, and interferon-gamma) and antioxidant markers (nuclear erythroid factor-2 and glutathione peroxidase). I 2 enhances the effectiveness of oCpp, making it a compelling candidate for a clinical protocol.
Keyphrases
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- weight loss
- drinking water
- papillary thyroid
- immune response
- endothelial cells
- squamous cell
- bariatric surgery
- randomized controlled trial
- low dose
- poor prognosis
- early stage
- high dose
- induced apoptosis
- oxidative stress
- systematic review
- anti inflammatory
- radiation therapy
- squamous cell carcinoma
- clinical trial
- early onset
- metabolic syndrome
- dendritic cells
- young adults
- nitric oxide
- high glucose
- roux en y gastric bypass
- computed tomography
- childhood cancer
- drug induced
- diabetic rats
- preterm birth
- signaling pathway
- binding protein
- skeletal muscle
- health risk assessment
- study protocol
- stress induced
- locally advanced
- contrast enhanced
- dual energy
- heavy metals
- replacement therapy
- high intensity