Discovery of Potential SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease Natural Inhibitors Employing a Multi-Phase In Silico Approach.

As an extension of our research against COVID-19, a multiphase in silico approach was applied in the selection of the three most common inhibitors (Glycyrrhizoflavone ( 76 ), Arctigenin ( 94 ) , and Thiangazole ( 298 )) against papain-like protease, PLpro (PDB ID: 4OW0), among 310 metabolites of natural origin. All compounds of the exam set were reported as antivirals. The structural similarity between the examined compound set and S88 , the co-crystallized ligand of PLpro, was examined through structural similarity and fingerprint studies. The two experiments pointed to Brevicollin ( 28 ), Cryptopleurine ( 41 ), Columbamine ( 46 ), Palmatine ( 47 ), Glycyrrhizoflavone ( 76 ), Licochalcone A ( 87 ), Arctigenin ( 94 ), Termilignan ( 98 ), Anolignan B ( 99 ), 4,5-dihydroxy-6″-deoxybromotopsentin ( 192 ), Dercitin ( 193 ), Tryptanthrin ( 200 ), 6-Cyano-5-methoxy-12-methylindolo [2, 3A] carbazole ( 211 ), Thiangazole ( 298 ), and Phenoxan ( 300 ). The binding ability against PLpro was screened through molecular docking, disclosing the favorable binding modes of six metabolites. ADMET studies expected molecules 28 , 76 , 94 , 200 , and 298 as the most favorable metabolites. Then, molecules 76 , 94 , and 298 were chosen through in silico toxicity studies. Finally, DFT studies were carried out on glycyrrhizoflavone ( 76 ) and indicated a high level of similarity in the molecular orbital analysis. The obtained data can be used in further in vitro and in vivo studies to examine and confirm the inhibitory effect of the filtered metabolites against PLpro and SARS-CoV-2.