Combination of β-(1, 3)-D-glucan testing in serum and qPCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate for facilitated diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.

Further validation through multicentre studies is now required, especially for establishing clear cut-offs. However, one could already state that combination of qPCR in the NPA with BDG measurement in serum may be a valuable substitute for BALF examination.