APP swe /PS1 ΔE9 mice exhibit low oxygen saturation and alterations of erythrocytes preceding the neuropathology and cognitive deficiency during Alzheimer's disease.

mice exhibited decreased oxygen saturation together with reduced RBC counts and hemoglobin concentrations at the early stage, which may aid in the development of predictive markers for AD diagnosis. The increased expression of band 3 protein and elevated Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels may contribute to the deformation of RBCs and, in turn, cause the subsequent AD development.