Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Ameliorates the Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurovascular Dysfunction-Associated Vascular Dementia in Rats.
Sohrab A ShaikhArunachalam MuthuramanPublished in: Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Neurovascular dysfunction leads to the second most common type of dementia, i.e., vascular dementia (VaD). Toxic metals, such as aluminium, increase the risk of neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD. Hence, we hypothesized that a natural antioxidant derived from palm oil, i.e., tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), can attenuate the aluminium chloride (AlCl 3 )-induced VaD in rats. Rats were induced with AlCl 3 (150 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for seven days followed by TRF treatment for twenty-one days. The elevated plus maze test was performed for memory assessment. Serum nitrite and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured as biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction and small vessel disease determination. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) was determined as brain oxidative stress marker. Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) expression in the hippocampus was identified using immunohistochemistry for detecting the neovascularisation process. AlCl 3 showed a significant decrease in memory and serum nitrite levels, while MPO and TBARS levels were increased; moreover, PDGF-C was not expressed in the hippocampus. However, TRF treatment significantly improved memory, increased serum nitrite, decreased MPO and TBARS, and expressed PDGF-C in hippocampus. Thus, the results imply that TRF reduces brain oxidative stress, improves endothelial function, facilitates hippocampus PDGF-C expression for neovascularisation process, protects neurons, and improves memory in neurovascular dysfunction-associated VaD rats.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- diabetic rats
- cognitive impairment
- growth factor
- mild cognitive impairment
- cerebral ischemia
- high glucose
- working memory
- poor prognosis
- nitric oxide
- smooth muscle
- vascular smooth muscle cells
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- dna damage
- induced apoptosis
- drug induced
- spinal cord
- endothelial cells
- prefrontal cortex
- long non coding rna
- binding protein
- mouse model
- multiple sclerosis
- fatty acid
- combination therapy