Tenofovir-Amino Acid Conjugates Act as Polymerase Substrates-Implications for Avoiding Cellular Phosphorylation in the Discovery of Nucleotide Analogues.
Weijie GuSergio MartinezHoai NguyenHongtao XuPiet HerdwijnSteven De JongheKalyan DasPublished in: Journal of medicinal chemistry (2020)
Nucleotide analogues are used for treating viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. To become polymerase substrates, a nucleotide analogue must be phosphorylated by cellular kinases which is rate-limiting. The goal of this study is to develop dNTP/NTP analogues directly from nucleotides. Tenofovir (TFV) analogues were synthesized by conjugating with amino acids. We demonstrate that some conjugates act as dNTP analogues and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) catalytically incorporates the TFV part as the chain terminator. X-ray structures in complex with HIV-1 RT/dsDNA showed binding of the conjugates at the polymerase active site, however, in different modes in the presence of Mg2+ versus Mn2+ ions. The adaptability of the compounds is seemingly essential for catalytic incorporation of TFV by RT. 4d with a carboxyl sidechain demonstrated the highest incorporation. 4e showed weak incorporation and rather behaved as a dNTP-competitive inhibitor. This result advocates the feasibility of designing NTP/dNTP analogues by chemical substitutions to nucleotide analogues.
Keyphrases
- molecular docking
- antiretroviral therapy
- sars cov
- hiv infected
- amino acid
- structure activity relationship
- hiv positive
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv testing
- hepatitis c virus
- hiv aids
- men who have sex with men
- high resolution
- cancer therapy
- computed tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- structural basis
- molecular dynamics simulations
- drug delivery
- coronavirus disease
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- single cell
- ionic liquid