This article reviews penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), a rare genitourinary cancer that has been increasing in prevalence. It discusses emerging therapies, focusing on immunotherapy, vaccine therapy, and cell-based treatments, especially in the context of human papillomavirus-related PSCC. Factors influencing these therapies are discussed. These include the immune microenvironment, programmed cell death ligand-1 expression, and tumor immune cell infiltration. This article also highlights immune checkpoint inhibitors and related clinical trials. This review supports the use of personalized medicine in treating PSCC. It stresses the need for collaborative studies and data sharing to create specific treatment plans and achieve better outcomes.
Keyphrases
- papillary thyroid
- squamous cell carcinoma
- clinical trial
- squamous cell
- lymph node metastasis
- poor prognosis
- stem cells
- risk factors
- prostate cancer
- randomized controlled trial
- single cell
- radical prostatectomy
- systematic review
- healthcare
- metabolic syndrome
- adipose tissue
- bone marrow
- young adults
- long non coding rna
- health information
- skeletal muscle
- drug induced
- smoking cessation
- meta analyses