Effects of a Synbiotic on Plasma Immune Activity Markers and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Children and Adults with ADHD-A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Liu L YangMiranda StiernborgElin SkottJingjing XuYujiao WuRikard LandbergSamsul ArefinKarolina KublickieneVincent MillischerIda A K NilssonMartin SchallingMaiBritt GiacobiniCatharina LavebrattPublished in: Nutrients (2023)
Synbiotic 2000, a pre + probiotic, reduced comorbid autistic traits and emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. Immune activity and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are microbiota-gut-brain axis mediators. The aim was to investigate Synbiotic 2000 effects on plasma levels of immune activity markers and SCFAs in children and adults with ADHD. ADHD patients (n = 182) completed the 9-week intervention with Synbiotic 2000 or placebo and 156 provided blood samples. Healthy adult controls (n = 57) provided baseline samples. At baseline, adults with ADHD had higher pro-inflammatory sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 and lower SCFA levels than controls. Children with ADHD had higher baseline sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-2Rα, and lower formic, acetic, and propionic acid levels than adults with ADHD. sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and propionic acid levels were more abnormal in children on medication. Synbiotic 2000, compared to placebo, reduced IL-12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increased propionic acid levels in children on medication. SCFAs correlated negatively with sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1. Preliminary human aortic smooth-muscle-cell experiments indicated that SCFAs protected against IL-1β-induced ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that treatment with Synbiotic 2000 reduces IL12/IL-23p40 and sICAM-1 and increases propionic acid levels in children with ADHD. Propionic acid, together with formic and acetic acid, may contribute to the lowering of the higher-than-normal sICAM-1 levels.
Keyphrases
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- autism spectrum disorder
- working memory
- young adults
- end stage renal disease
- fatty acid
- randomized controlled trial
- smooth muscle
- healthcare
- chronic kidney disease
- newly diagnosed
- ejection fraction
- emergency department
- endothelial cells
- mesenchymal stem cells
- peritoneal dialysis
- coronary artery
- depressive symptoms
- multiple sclerosis
- prognostic factors
- dna methylation
- aortic valve
- resting state
- long non coding rna
- left ventricular
- functional connectivity
- pulmonary hypertension
- combination therapy
- oxidative stress
- high glucose
- brain injury
- open label
- cell therapy
- diabetic rats
- binding protein