The Characteristics and Ethics of Sham Surgeries: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Peter T HetzlerLauren Elizabeth BergerSamuel S HuffmanMargaret LeeRyan ParkDavid H SongLydia S DugdalePublished in: Annals of surgery (2023)
Our systematic review of 172 randomized, sham controlled trials highlights the ethical considerations that must be considered in these studies, namely the importance of transparent study design and objective outcome reporting, the difficulty of informed consent, and the inherent risks associated with surgical interventions.
Keyphrases
- double blind
- systematic review
- placebo controlled
- clinical trial
- meta analyses
- phase iii
- public health
- open label
- phase ii
- physical activity
- big data
- adverse drug
- study protocol
- human health
- case control
- randomized controlled trial
- risk assessment
- decision making
- machine learning
- global health
- artificial intelligence
- electronic health record