Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Probiotic Supplementation in Fetal Growth Restriction-A Comprehensive Review of Human and Animal Studies.
Naser A AlsharairiLi LiPublished in: Life (Basel, Switzerland) (2023)
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pathological state that represents a fetus's inability to achieve adequate growth during pregnancy. Several maternal, placental, and fetal factors are likely associated with FGR etiology. FGR is linked to severe fetal and neonatal complications, as well as adverse health consequences in adulthood. Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated improved growth in FGR fetuses with promising treatment strategies such as maternal micronutrient, amino acid, and nitric oxide supplementation. Elevated inflammation in pregnant women diagnosed with FGR has been associated with an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may result in increased FGR-related inflammation. Probiotic treatment may relieve FGR-induced inflammation and improve fetal growth. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota and inflammatory profiles associated with FGR and explore the potential of probiotics in treating FGR.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- pregnant women
- nitric oxide
- randomized controlled trial
- healthcare
- endothelial cells
- amino acid
- mental health
- birth weight
- emergency department
- climate change
- risk assessment
- social media
- high glucose
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- hydrogen peroxide
- preterm birth
- stress induced
- weight gain
- pluripotent stem cells