Occurrence of antibiotic resistance among Enterobacterales isolated from raw and ready-to-eat food - phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.

The aim of this study was phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant food-borne Enterobacterales. The largest number of isolates was identified as Enterobacter cloacae (42.4%) followed by Escherichia coli (9.8%), Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica, Proteus penneri, Citrobacter freundii (7.6% each), Citrobacter braakii (6.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca (5.4% each). More than half of isolates (52.2%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The majority were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate (28.3%) and ampicillin (19.5%). ESBL(+) phenotype was showed by 26 isolates and AmpC(+) phenotype by 32 isolates. The blaCTX-M gene was carried by 53.8% of ESBL-positive isolates, gene from CIT family by 43.8% of AmpC-positive isolates. Our results suggest that more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance of food-borne Enterobacterales. The presence of transmissible antibiotic resistance markers is an important criterion in the evaluation of food safety.