Valproic Acid and Breast Cancer: State of the Art in 2021.
Anna WawruszakMarta HalasaEstera OkonWirginia Kukula-KochAndrzej StepulakPublished in: Cancers (2021)
Valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid, VPA) is a short-chain fatty acid, a member of the group of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs). VPA has been successfully used in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia for over 50 years. Numerous in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical studies suggest that this well-known anticonvulsant drug significantly inhibits cancer cell proliferation by modulating multiple signaling pathways. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide. Despite significant progress in the treatment of BC, serious adverse effects, high toxicity to normal cells, and the occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) still limit the effective therapy of BC patients. Thus, new agents which improve the effectiveness of currently used methods, decrease the emergence of MDR, and increase disease-free survival are highly needed. This review focuses on in vitro and in vivo experimental data on VPA, applied individually or in combination with other anti-cancer agents, in the treatment of different histological subtypes of BC.
Keyphrases
- cell proliferation
- signaling pathway
- end stage renal disease
- type diabetes
- risk assessment
- histone deacetylase
- big data
- bipolar disorder
- stem cells
- fatty acid
- multidrug resistant
- oxidative stress
- chronic kidney disease
- induced apoptosis
- randomized controlled trial
- machine learning
- emergency department
- adipose tissue
- replacement therapy
- cell death
- cell cycle
- cell therapy
- insulin resistance
- young adults
- deep learning
- lymph node metastasis