Glucocorticoids use in kidney transplant setting.

ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (also adrenocorticotropin and corticotropin); ADA: American Diabetes Association; AEs: Adverse events; ADX: Adrenalectomized; AR: Acute rejection; AUC: Area under the curve; BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density; BPAR: Biopsy-proven acute rejection; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophospahte; CBG: Corticosteroid-binding globulin; CBP: CREB binding protein; Cmax: Mean maximal serum concentration; CNIs: Calcineurin inhibitors; COX-2: cyclo-oxygenase-2; cPLA2: cytosolic phospholipase A2; CSA: Cyclosporine; CYP: Cytochrome; DEX: Dexamethasone; DM: Diabetes mellitus; ESW: Early steroid withdrawal; GCs: Glucocorticoids; GRs: Glucocorticoid receptors; GREs: Glucocorticoid receptor elements; CSA: Cyclosporine; DEX: Dexamethasone; Glycated hemoglobin: HbA1c; HDL: High-density lipoproteins; HLA: Human leukocyte anrigen; HPA axis: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; HR: Hazard ratio; HSP: Heat shock proteins; 11β-HSD: 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; IC50: Half of maximal inhibitory concentration; IFG: Impaired fasting glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance; imTOR: Inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin; iNOS: Inducible oxide nitric synthase; Kd: Dissociation constant; KDIGO: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; LSW: Late steroid withdrawal; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; MPS: Mycophenolate sodium; NSAIDS: non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs; NF-κB: Nnuclear factor-κB TNF; OPTN/UNOS: Organ Procurement and Transplant Network/United Network of Organ Sharing database; PK/PD: Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics; PRA: Panel reactive antibodies; PTDM: Post-transplantation diabetes mellitus; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; RR: Risk ratio; SA: Steroid avoidanceSGLT-2: Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2; SW: Steroid withdrawal; TAC: Tacrolimus or FK506; TG/HDL: Triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein ratio; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.