Strain HUAS CB01 T was a novel actinobacterium which was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Cathaya argyrophylla, Chengbu Miao Autonomous County of Hunan Province, China. The strain formed well-growing substrate mycelium, diffusible pigments, and aerial mycelium, and differentiated into spiral-type spore chains composed of smooth-surface rod-shaped spores. Phylogenetic analysis on account of 16 S rRNA gene sequence demonstrated the strain HUAS CB01 T was a member of the genus Streptomyces and had a close relationship with Streptomyces wuyuanensis CGMCC 4.7042 T (100%) and Streptomyces marianii ICN19 T (99.86%). Genome-based comparisons indicated that strain HUAS CB01 T could be distinctly different from its closest species, Streptomyces wuyuanensis CGMCC 4.7042 T , Streptomyces marianii ICN19 T , with ANIm and dDDH results of 92.78% and 45.90%, 92.22% and 43.30%, respectively, far less than 96.7 and 70% cut-off points recommended for delineating species. The main cellular fatty acids concluded anteiso-C 15:0 , iso-C 14:0 , iso-C 16:0 , C 16:0 and C 16:1 2OH. The menaquinones were MK-9(H 4 ), MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 8 ) and the whole-cell sugars consisted of ribose and mannose. The polar lipids included phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, mannosides and unidentified phospholipids. According to these genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, strain HUAS CB01 T can be distinguished and representative to be a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces chengbuensis is proposed. The type strain is HUAS CB01 T ( = MCCC 1K08666 T = JCM 36277 T ).