Impacts of Menstruation, Community Type, and an Oral Yeast Probiotic on the Vaginal Microbiome.

A healthy state of the vaginal microbiome can prevent vaginal disease and promote successful fertilization and healthy pregnancies. Little is known about the stability of the vaginal microbiome and the influence of factors such as diet and probiotics. While less explored, yeast probiotics have an interesting potential because of their immunomodulatory and pathogen inhibition capacities. In this study, we investigated the impact of the oral yeast probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 on the vaginal microbiomes of 52 healthy women using 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The vaginal fungal loads remained low, even after oral yeast supplementation, complicating the analysis of the vaginal mycobiome. Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus iners were the most dominant species in our study population and were found to codominate in 23% of the baseline samples. <i>Bifidobacterium</i>, Streptococcus, and <i>Prevotella</i> were also frequently found. The microbiome profiles were dynamic: 69% of women showed a shift in the dominant community members at least once during the 42-day sampling period. In addition, lower <i>Lactobacillus</i> abundances were observed at the time points after menstruation. Higher relative abundances of <i>Lactobacillus</i> with more L. iners<i>-</i>dominated samples and a trend toward lower relative abundances of <i>Prevotella</i> were observed in the probiotic group, but analyses of the effects of the yeast probiotic were complicated by differences already present at the onset of the study. Thus, our findings especially highlighted that the impact of menstruation and the stratification of women based on the dominant vaginal taxa before randomization and inclusion is important for future research: while the impact of the yeast probiotic on vaginal microbiome in healthy women was limited. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> How to define and promote a healthy state of the vaginal microbiome is not well understood. Knowledge of which underlying factors shape the microbial community composition of the vagina and how to modulate them will contribute to vaginal disease prevention and improve fertility. Here, we found that taking the menstrual cycle into account when designing a microbiome study is highly recommended: menstruation also showed to be poses an interesting time point for intervention because of the drop in the abundance of L. crispatus. Furthermore, the early stratification of groups (e.g., placebo versus treatment) according to the dominant taxa can be of high added value since menstruation impacts vaginal taxa differently, i.e., <i>L. iners</i> remains stable, in contrast to <i>L. crispatus</i>.