A zebrafish system for identifying genetic dependencies in melanocytes and melanoma.

The advent of large-scale sequencing in both development and disease has identified large numbers of candidate genes that may be linked to important phenotypes. Validating the function of these candidates in vivo is challenging, due to low efficiency and low throughput of most model systems. This is especially the case in skin cells such as melanocytes, where the background mutation rate is high. We have developed a rapid and scalable system for assessing the role of candidate genes in a melanocyte specific manner using zebrafish. We generated transgenic zebrafish in which Cas9 was knocked-in to the endogenous mitfa locus, a master transcription factor of the melanocyte lineage. By introducing single guide RNA expression cassettes into mitfaCas9 embryos, we were able to achieve highly efficient melanocyte-specific mutation of genes important for melanocyte patterning and survival. These animals can be used to screen for dominant or recessive pigment defects in both the F0 generation (3 days) and F1 generation (3 months). We also utilized the mitfaCas9 line to study the role of melanoma genetic dependencies such as SOX10, demonstrating that loss of SOX10 reduces melanoma initiation yet promotes tumor progression by a switch to a SOX9hi state. This SOX10 to SOX9 switch has previously been observed in human patients, indicating that our system can be used to rapidly uncover biological states with relevance to human disease. Our high efficiency genetic approach can be readily applied to other cell lineages, with relevance to both development and disease.