High-resolution genomic surveillance elucidates a multilayered hierarchical transfer of resistance between WWTP- and human/animal-associated bacteria.

Our findings advance the current efforts to establish potential epidemiological links of MDR transmission between WWTP- and human/animal-associated bacteria. Plasmids play an important role in mediating the transfer of ARGs and the IS-associated ARGs that are carried by conjugative plasmids should be prioritized to tackle the spread of resistance. Video Abstract.