A universal approach to gene expression engineering.

In this study, we provide a universal approach to Gene Expression Engineering (GeneEE) for creating artificial expression systems. GeneEE leads to the generation of artificial 5 ' regulatory sequences (ARES) consisting of promoters and 5 ' untranslated regions. The ARES lead to the successful recruitment of RNA polymerase, related sigma factors and ribosomal proteins that result in a wide range of expression levels. We also demonstrate that by engaging native transcription regulators, GeneEE can be used to generate inducible promoters. To showcase the universality of the approach, we demonstrate that 200-nucleotide (nt)-long DNA with random composition can be used to generate functional expression systems in six bacterial species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Thermus thermophilus, Streptomyces albus and Streptomyces lividans , and the eukaryote yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .