Unravelling nicotinic receptor and ligand features underlying neonicotinoid knockdown actions on the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae .

With the spread of resistance to long-established insecticides targeting Anopheles malaria vectors, understanding the actions of compounds newly identified for vector control is essential. With new commercial vector-control products containing neonicotinoids under development, we investigate the actions of 6 neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, thiacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram and acetamiprid) on 13 Anopheles gambiae nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes produced by expression of combinations of the Ag α 1, Ag α 2, Ag α 3, Ag α 8 and Ag β 1 subunits in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the Drosophila melanogaster orthologues of which we have previously shown to be important in neonicotinoid actions. The presence of the Ag α 2 subunit reduces neonicotinoid affinity for the mosquito nAChRs, whereas the Ag α 3 subunit increases it. Crystal structures of the acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP), an established surrogate for the ligand-binding domain, with dinotefuran bound, shows a unique target site interaction through hydrogen bond formation and CH-N interaction at the tetrahydrofuran ring. This is of interest as dinotefuran is also under trial as the toxic element in baited traps. Multiple regression analyses show a correlation between the efficacy of neonicotinoids for the Ag α 1/Ag α 2/Ag α 8/Ag β 1 nAChR, their hydrophobicity and their rate of knockdown of adult female An. gambiae , providing new insights into neonicotinoid features important for malaria vector control.