Human B cells.

The importance of B cells and their critical role in the maintenance of health through generation of antibody mediated immune protection is undoubted. However, the differences between the responses of B cells with different surface phenotypes in different microanatomical sites as well as diversity in B cell function outside antibody production are just starting to be acknowledged and resolved. This series of reviews and papers that focus on human B cells will be divided across two issues. The first part of the review series in this issue captures practical information on identifying B cell subtypes in blood in health and inflammatory diseases as well as describing aspects of B cell diversity depending on immunoglobulin isotype and microanatomical context. It also explores our current understanding of cytokine production by human B cells and the effect of obesity on the B cell response. The last review in this issue will reflect on the important lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; in particular the role of antigen availability and its effect on B cell memory and antibody production.