The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta-analysis.
Zarif K Jabbar-LopezChuin Ying UngHelen AlexanderNikeeta GurungJoanne ChalmersSimon G DanbyMichael J CorkJanet L PeacockCarsten FlohrPublished in: Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2020)
There was a positive association between living in a hard water (range: 76 to > 350 mg/L CaCO3 ) area and AE in children. There is no evidence that domestic water softeners improve objective disease severity in established AE. There may be a role of water hardness in the initiation of skin inflammation in early life, but there is a need for further longitudinal and interventional studies.