Chemokine-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Convergent Pathways in COVID-19.
Dana R JulianMegan A KazakoffAkhil PatelJesse JaynesMonte S WillisCecelia C YatesPublished in: Current pathobiology reports (2021)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus and has taken over 761,426 American lives as of the date of publication and will likely result in long-term, if not permanent, tissue damage for countless patients. COVID-19 presents with diverse and multisystemic pathologic processes, including a hyperinflammatory response, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), vascular injury, microangiopathy, tissue fibrosis, angiogenesis, and widespread thrombosis across multiple organs, including the lungs, heart, kidney, liver, and brain. C-X-C chemokines contribute to these pathologies by attracting inflammatory mediators, the disruption of endothelial cell integrity and function, and the initiation and propagation of the cytokine storm. Among these, CXCL10 is recognized as a critical contributor to the hyperinflammatory state and poor prognosis in COVID-19. CXCL10 is also known to regulate growth factor-induced fibrosis, and recent evidence suggests the CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling system may be vital in targeting convergent pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways. This review will explore the mechanistic role of CXCL10 and related chemokines in fibrotic complications associated with COVID-19 and the potential of CXCL10-targeted therapeutics for early intervention and long-term treatment of COVID-19-induced fibrosis.
Keyphrases
- coronavirus disease
- sars cov
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- poor prognosis
- growth factor
- extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
- oxidative stress
- randomized controlled trial
- long non coding rna
- systemic sclerosis
- end stage renal disease
- heart failure
- mechanical ventilation
- high glucose
- chronic kidney disease
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- small molecule
- drug delivery
- newly diagnosed
- infectious diseases
- intensive care unit
- multiple sclerosis
- white matter
- ejection fraction
- lymph node
- radiation therapy
- human health
- patient reported
- vascular endothelial growth factor
- climate change