Metal-Responsive Transcription Factors Co-Regulate Anti-Sigma Factor (Rsd) and Ribosome Dimerization Factor Expression.

Bacteria exposed to stress survive by regulating the expression of several genes at the transcriptional and translational levels. For instance, in Escherichia coli , when growth is arrested in response to stress, such as nutrient starvation, the anti-sigma factor Rsd is expressed to inactivate the global regulator RpoD and activate the sigma factor RpoS. However, ribosome modulation factor (RMF) expressed in response to growth arrest binds to 70S ribosomes to form inactive 100S ribosomes and inhibit translational activity. Moreover, stress due to fluctuations in the concentration of metal ions essential for various intracellular pathways is regulated by a homeostatic mechanism involving metal-responsive transcription factors (TFs). Therefore, in this study, we examined the binding of a few metal-responsive TFs to the promoter regions of rsd and rmf through promoter-specific TF screening and studied the effects of these TFs on the expression of rsd and rmf in each TF gene-deficient E. coli strain through quantitative PCR, Western blot imaging, and 100S ribosome formation analysis. Our results suggest that several metal-responsive TFs (CueR, Fur, KdpE, MntR, NhaR, PhoP, ZntR, and ZraR) and metal ions (Cu 2+ , Fe 2+ , K + , Mn 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , and Zn 2+ ) influence rsd and rmf gene expression while regulating transcriptional and translational activities.