Probiotics: insights and new opportunities for Clostridioides difficile intervention.
Rusha PalAhmad I M AthamnehRiddhi DeshpandeJose A R RamirezKayode T AduPushpanathan MuthuirulanShrikant PawarManuele BiazzoYiorgos ApidianakisUlrik Kraemer SundekildeCesar de la Fuente-NunezMark G MartensGeorge P TegosMohamed N SeleemPublished in: Critical reviews in microbiology (2022)
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a life-threatening disease caused by the Gram-positive, opportunistic intestinal pathogen C. difficile . Despite the availability of antimicrobial drugs to treat CDI, such as vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin, recurrence of infection remains a significant clinical challenge. The use of live commensal microorganisms, or probiotics, is one of the most investigated non-antibiotic therapeutic options to balance gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and subsequently tackle dysbiosis. In this review, we will discuss major commensal probiotic strains that have the potential to prevent and/or treat CDI and its recurrence, reassess the efficacy of probiotics supplementation as a CDI intervention, delve into lessons learned from probiotic modulation of the immune system, explore avenues like genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions, genome sequencing, and multi-omics to identify novel strains and understand their functionality, and discuss the current regulatory framework, challenges, and future directions.
Keyphrases
- clostridium difficile
- randomized controlled trial
- escherichia coli
- single cell
- genome wide
- staphylococcus aureus
- bacillus subtilis
- transcription factor
- gram negative
- magnetic resonance imaging
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- current status
- computed tomography
- lactic acid
- climate change
- gene expression
- magnetic resonance
- risk assessment
- multidrug resistant
- drug induced
- high resolution
- human health