Raising Antibodies for Use in Xenopus.

For work in Xenopus, frog-specific antibodies must usually be raised, although a few antibodies against mammalian proteins cross-react. To produce an immunogen for antibody production, human embryonic kidney (HEK) expression systems can be used as described here. For most laboratories, the actual method of raising the antibody is determined by local ethical regulations controlling the adjuvant and injection protocols used. Because these steps are often outsourced, they are not included in this protocol.