Pesticide residues in milk and dairy products: An overview of processing degradation and trends in mitigating approaches.

Milk and dairy products present considerable socioeconomic importance but are also a regular pesticide residue contamination source, which is considered a worldwide public health concern and a major international trade issue. Thus, a literature review was conducted to assess pesticide residue levels in milk and dairy products, as well as the residue degradation capacity during its processing. Organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroid and/or triazine were found in fluid milk, powder products, yogurts, cheese, butter, and sour cream. Thermal processing reduced most residue levels, although some treatments increased total hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers (α-, γ-, δ-, and β-). Emerging non-thermal treatments presented promising results, but some by-products had higher toxicity than their precursors. Biodegradation by lactic acid bacteria were effective during yogurt and cheese fermentation. However, β-hexachlorocyclohexane level seems to increase in yogurts containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis , while increase or maintenance of pesticide residue concentration was observed during coagulation and cheese maturation. Deep research is needed to understand the isomerization and degradation mechanisms after thermal, non-thermal, and fermentation processing. Emerging heat technology can be an excellent topic to be investigated for pesticide residues degradation in the future. These mitigation approaches can be a feasible future alternative to milk and dairy production.