Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship Study, Bioactivity, and Nephrotoxicity Evaluation of the Proposed Structure of the Cyclic Lipodepsipeptide Brevicidine B.

The brevicidines represent a novel class of nonribosomal antimicrobial peptides that possess remarkable potency and selectivity toward highly problematic and resistant Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. A recently discovered member of the brevicidine family, coined brevicidine B ( 2 ), comprises a single amino acid substitution (from d-Tyr 2 to d-Phe 2 ) in the amino acid sequence of the linear moiety of brevicidine ( 1 ) and was reported to exhibit broader antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative (MIC = 2-4 μgmL -1 ) and Gram-positive (MIC = 2-8 μgmL -1 ) pathogens. Encouraged by this, we herein report the first total synthesis of the proposed structure of brevicidine B ( 2 ), building on our previously reported synthetic strategy to access brevicidine ( 1 ). In agreement with the original isolation paper, pleasingly, synthetic 2 demonstrated antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 4-8 μgmL -1 ). Interestingly, however, synthetic 2 was inactive toward all of the tested Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Substitution of d-Phe 2 with its enantiomer, and other hydrophobic residues, yields analogues that were either inactive or only exhibited activity toward Gram-negative strains. The striking difference in the biological activity of our synthetic 2 compared to the reported natural compound warrants the re-evaluation of the original natural product for purity or possible differences in relative configuration. Finally, the evaluation of synthetic 1 and 2 in a human kidney organoid model of nephrotoxicity revealed substantial toxicity of both compounds, although 1 was less toxic than 2 and polymyxin B. These results indicate that modification to position 2 may afford a strategy to mitigate the nephrotoxicity of brevicidine.