From Fruit to Beverage: Investigating Actinidia Species for Characteristics and Potential in Alcoholic Drink Production.

There is a growing interest in various types of kiwifruits, such as the "yellow" kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis ) and the "baby" kiwifruit of Actinidia arguta . These fruits are rich in bioactive compounds, which contribute to their nutraceutical properties, but they nevertheless have a shorter shelf life, resulting in economic losses. This study aims to chemically characterize kiwifruit juices from SunGold and baby kiwifruit varieties (Hortgem Rua and Hortgem Tahi) to improve knowledge and explore the suitability of these products for producing low-alcohol beverages using non- Saccharomyces strains, with the purpose of reducing waste and generating value-added processing. Total soluble solids, acidity, hardness, dry matter, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity were used as indicators of fruit quality. Chemical characterization of fresh kiwifruit juices revealed distinct profiles among varieties, with SunGold juice exhibiting higher sugar content and acidity. Citric acid was the predominant organic acid, while, as expected, tartaric was not detected. Kiwifruit juice fermentations by T. delbrueckii UMY196 were always completed regardless of the type of juice used, producing beverages with ethanol content ranging from 6.46 to 8.85% ( v / v ). The analysis of volatile organic compounds highlighted the presence of several molecules, contributing to aroma profiles with relevant differences among the three kiwifruit-based drinks. In particular, the total concentration of esters in the beverages reached 8.2 mg/L, 9.2 mg/L, and 8.6 mg/L in the Tahi, Rua, and SunGold beverages, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative profiles of the kiwifruit drinks revealed a pronounced perception of acidity and fruity traits, with significant differences observed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in aroma descriptors among the proposed beverages. The possibility of using unsold, overripe, or waste fruits to prepare new products with an increase in the sustainability of this supply chain is set.