ROS Stress and Cell Membrane Disruption are the Main Antifungal Mechanisms of 2-Phenylethanol against Botrytis cinerea .
Xiurong ZouYingying WeiShu JiangFeng XuHongfei WangPingping ZhanXingfeng ShaoPublished in: Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (2022)
2-Phenylethanol (2-PE), a common compound found in plants and microorganisms, exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Using Botrytis cinerea , we demonstrated that 2-PE suppressed mycelium growth in vitro and in strawberry fruit and reduced natural disease without adverse effects to fruit quality. 2-PE caused structural damage to mycelia, as shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. From RNA sequencing analysis we found significantly upregulated genes for enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems including sulfur metabolism and glutathione metabolism, indicating that ROS stress was induced by 2-PE. This was consistent with results from assays demonstrating an increase ROS and hydrogen peroxide levels, antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde content in treated cells. The upregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter genes, the downregulation of major facilitator superfamily transporters genes, and the downregulation of ergosterol biosynthesis genes indicated a severe disruption of cell membrane structure and function. This was consistent with results from assays demonstrating compromised membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation. To summarize, 2-PE exposure suppressed B. cinerea growth through ROS stress and cell membrane disruption.
Keyphrases
- reactive oxygen species
- hydrogen peroxide
- cell death
- dna damage
- electron microscopy
- genome wide identification
- genome wide
- cell proliferation
- signaling pathway
- bioinformatics analysis
- oxidative stress
- nitric oxide
- cell cycle arrest
- high throughput
- single cell
- genome wide analysis
- stress induced
- poor prognosis
- transcription factor
- mass spectrometry
- fatty acid
- newly diagnosed
- endoplasmic reticulum stress